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Cytoplasmic Immunoglobulin: is the only cytoplasmic marker
that is routinely evaluated in the workup of acute leukemia,
which is reserved for study of B lineage.
Terminal DNA (TdT) is a nuclear enzyme present in early lymphoid
cells. High levels are found in the majority of lymphoblastic
leukemias, but not in most cases of AML. Thus, it is a useful
study to differentiate between ALL and AML. There may be low
levels in about 10% of AMLs.
Surface Markers: Are proteins on the cell membrane that can
be detected with immunologic reagents. Different proteins
are expressed at different stages of maturation; some are
present early in development while others do not appear until
much later. Still other proteins may appear, then disappear,
only to reappear at a later stage of development. This unique
expression of proteins enables them to be used as markers
of both cell lineage and maturation stage.
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